IC(INTAGRATED CIRCUIT)

IC(INTEGRATED CIRCUIT)

Integrated Circuit is usually abbreviated as IC is an active electronic component consisting of a combination of hundreds, thousands and even millions of transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors that are integrated into an electronic circuit in a small package. Before the discovery of ICs, electronic equipment at that time generally used Vacuum Tubes as the main component which was then replaced by transistors that had a smaller size. But to assemble a complex and complex Electronic circuit, it requires a large number of Transistor components so that the size of the Electronic device that is produced is also large and not suitable for portable travel. Now this component is the main reference for an electronic circuit in this modem era, so IC gets a new name as a multu function component. this component also has a type of code variation to distinguish its function.
The main ingredients that form an Integrated Circuit (IC) are Semiconductor Materials. Silicon is a semiconductor material that is most often used in Integrated Circuit (IC) Fabrication Technology. In Indonesian, this Integrated Circuit or IC is often translated into Integrated Circuits.
Without the existence of IC (Integrated Circuit) technology, perhaps at this time we cannot enjoy Portable Electronics equipment such as Mobile Phones, Laptops, MP3 Players, Tablet PCs, Portable Game Consoles, Digital Cameras and Electronic equipment that are small in shape and can be taken anywhere. Regarding IC which is very useful and important for human life, the author tries to present a paper with the title "Intregated Circuit (IC)".

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the meaning of Integrated Circuit (IC)?
2. What are the types of Integrated Circuit (IC)?
3. How does the Integrated Circuit (IC) work?
4. What are the advantages of Integrated Circuit (IC) compared to other electronic components?
5. What are the weaknesses of the Integrated circuit (IC)?

C. Purpose and Benefits
1. Knowing the meaning of Integrated Circuit (IC).
2. Knowing the types of Integrated Circuit (IC).
3. Knowing how Integrated Circuit (IC) works.
4. Knowing the advantages of Integrated Circuit (IC) compared to other electronic components.
5. Knowing the weaknesses of the Integrated circuit (IC).




THEORETICAL BASIS


Integrated Circuit or abbreviated as IC is an active electronic component consisting of a combination of hundreds, thousands and even millions of transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors that are integrated into an electronic circuit in a small package. Before the discovery of ICs, electronic equipment at that time generally used Vacuum Tubes as the main component which was then replaced by transistors that had a smaller size. But to assemble a complex and complex Electronic circuit, it requires a large number of Transistor components so that the size of the Electronic device that is produced is also large and not suitable for portable travel.
This Integrated Circuit (IC) technology was first introduced in 1958 by Jack Kilby who worked for Texas Instrument, half a year later Robert Noyce succeeded in fabricating an IC with an interconnect system on a Silicon Chip. Integrated Circuit (IC) is one of the most significant technological developments in the 20th century.
Before the discovery of ICs, electronic equipment at that time generally used Vacuum Tubes as the main component which was then replaced by transistors that had a smaller size. But to assemble a complex and complex Electronic circuit, it requires a large number of Transistor components so that the size of the Electronic device that is produced is also large and not suitable for portable travel.
IC (Integrated Circuit) technology allows an electronic circuit designer to make a smaller, lighter electronic device at a more affordable price. The power consumption of an IC is also lower than that of a transistor. Therefore, IC (Integrated Circuit) has become the main component in almost all electronic equipment that we use today.
Without the existence of IC (Integrated Circuit) technology, perhaps at this time we cannot enjoy Portable Electronics equipment such as Mobile Phones, Laptops, MP3 Players, Tablet PCs, Portable Game Consoles, Digital Cameras and Electronic equipment that are small in shape and can be taken anywhere.
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Intregated Circuit (IC)

We can define Integrated Circuit (IC) as a component or independent element on a continuous surface to form an integrated circuit. Components or elements can be diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors and others defined on silicon wafers or other semiconductor materials. After going through a complex manufacturing process finally the IC is used in a neatly wrapped and easy to use circuit as shown in Figure 1.
Another definition of Integrated Circuit (IC) is an active electronic component consisting of a combination of hundreds, thousands and even millions of transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors that are integrated into an electronic circuit in a small package. Before the discovery of ICs, electronic equipment at that time generally used Vacuum Tubes as the main component which was then replaced by transistors that had a smaller size. But to assemble a complex and complex Electronic circuit, it requires a large number of Transistor components so that the size of the Electronic device that is produced is also large and not suitable for portable travel.
B. Types of Integrated Circuit (IC)
Based on the Application and Function, IC (Integrated Circuit) can be divided into Linear IC, Digital IC and also a combination of both.
1. Linear IC
Linear ICs or also called Analog ICs are ICs which generally function as:
a) Power Amplifier (Power Amplifier)
b) Signal Amplifier (Signal Amplifier)
c) Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
d) Micro Signal Amplifier (Microwave Amplifier)
e) RF Amplifier and IF (RF and IF Amplifier)
f) Voltage Comparator
g) Multiplier
h) Radio Frequency Receiver (Radio Receiver)
i) Voltage Regulator

Analog IC is an IC that is composed of several circuits (linear) and operates using sinusoidal signals.

Various analog (linear) ICs:
a. Op-Amp IC
Called an operational amplifier or op-amp is one type of analog IC that functions as an amplifier circuit. IC Op-Amp, s are divided into two types / types, namely:
1) Op- Am Inverting amplifier
Op-amp inverting is an amplifier circuit whose output voltage is inversely proportional to the input voltage. The signal enters the op-amp inverting through the inverting input and produces an output with a phase angle that is opposite to the phase angle of the input voltage. The amount of reinforcement depends on the reinforcement factor which is formulated as follows:
Vout = - (R2 / R1) Vin
with:
Vout: operational gain output voltage (output)
Vin: input voltage
R1: 1st obstacle (ohm)
R2: 2nd obstacle (ohm)

2)      Op-Amp Non-Inverting

Non inverting operational amplifiers are included in linear analog systems, namely systems that produce output voltage proportional to the input voltage provided. Non inverting operational amplifier is an amplifier whose input signal is given to the non-inverting input and produces an output with a phase angle equal to the phase angle of the input voltage. The magnitude of the strengthening of the reinforcement factor (gain) which is formulated as follows:
Vout = ((Ri + R2) / R1) Vin
with
Vout: operational gain output voltage (output)
Vin: input voltage
R1: 1st obstacle (ohm)
R2: 2nd obstacle (ohm)


3) 555 timer IC
The 555 timer IC is a linear IC that functions as a monostable timer circuit and an estable oscillator. IC 555 is a type of IC that is famous in the world of analog / linear electronics. In its use, IC 555 can be categorized in several circuit functions, including the following:
a) Monostable circuit
Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4Whx_bxLy0DT7x_rHnTK6oMiRyDW1YmDis8q-2W2PJuWxC40FUhV95ySnWDYZc_g8f31eCueD9oTM3NRh1mD4e7pRauS-JLVMdWyg5x3vCMLnycWhB4S3gzfq2-WItbik-k5c-brV2Q/s1600/IC+6.jpg
In monostable circuits, IC 555 functions as a discrete pulse generator. The credit will be generated when IC 555 receives a trigger signal. The resulting pulse width is affected by the RC connection (resistors and capacitors). The pulse will stop after the capacitor receives 2/3 of the power supply voltage. The pulse width can be modified by changing the value of the resistor (R) and capacitor (C) according to the following formula:
t = 1.1 (RxC)
with:t: pulse voltage (seconds)R: resistor value (ohm)C: capacitor value (farad)

b) Astable Series

In the astable circuit, IC 555 functions as a producer of box signals (pulses) with a certain frequency continuously. R1 connects Vcc and pin7 (pin discharge), R2 connects pin 7 (discharge pin), pin 6 (threshold), and pin 2 (trigger). The capacitor fills in R1 and R2, and only empties R2. PO has an estable circuit, pulse frequency is only affected by the values ​​R1, R2, and C. The frequency formulation in the estable circuit is as follows:
f = 1 / (In (2) xC (R1 + R2))
The width of the high pulse is formulated as follows:
high = In (2) x (R1 + 2R2) C
The low pulse width is formulated as follows:
low = In (2) xCxR2
with:R: resistor value (ohm)C: capacitor value (C)

4)      IC Power

Power IC is a type of IC that operates on the power supply. Generally, power ICs are used in regulator, adapter and power supply circuits.

2. Digital IC
The main difference from Linear IC with Digital is its function, where digital IC operates by using a square signal with only two conditions, namely 0 or 1 and functions as a switch / switch, whereas linear ICs generally use sinusoidal signals and function as amplifiers ( amplifier). Linear ICs do not perform logic functions as well as IC-TTL or C-MOS and the most popular linear ICs are designed to work as voltage amplifiers.
In the linear IC packaging there is a linear circuit, where the work of the circuit will be proportional or will output an output that is proportional to the input. One example of a linear IC is the Op-Amp type. Digital IC is basically a switching circuit whose Input and Output voltages only have 2 (two) levels namely "High" and "Low" or in the binary code denoted by "1" and "0".
Digital IC generally functions as:

    Flip-flop
    Logic Gates (Logic Gates)
    Timer
    Counter
    Multiplexer
    Calculator
    Memory
    Clock
    Microprocessor (Microprocessor)
    Microcontroller


Unlike analog (linear) ICs, digital ICs operate at 0 volts (low) and 5 volts (high). Digital ICs are composed of several logical circuits, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR). Digital ICs are often used as quick switch applications. In its development, digital IC is the most widely used type in all fields of electronics, because its size is small and has a very complete function.
The thing to remember is that the IC (Integrated circuit) is an Active Electronics Component that is sensitive to the effect of the Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). So, special handling is needed to prevent damage to the IC.

a. TTL (Transistor Logic Transistor)

The most widely used IC today is a digital IC used for computer equipment, calculators and electronic control systems. Digital IC works on the basis of operating the Binary Logic number (base number 2), which only recognizes two conditions 1 (on) and 0 (off).
There are 2 (two) types of digital ICs, namely TTL and CMOS. This type of IC-TTL is built using transistors as its main component and its function is used for various Logic variations, so it is called Transistor.

In one IC packaging there are several types of gates that can perform various logic functions such as AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR and some other logic functions such as Decoders, Encoders, Multiflexers and Memory so that IC pins are large and there are varying 8,14,16,24 and 40. The picture shows ICs with NAND gates that output 0 or 1 depending on the conditions of the two inputs.
TTL IC can work with a 5 Volt voltage.

Microprocessor
Microprocessor is a data processing tool which is the development of technology for making Integrated Circuit (IC). There are several terms used to show the density level of an IC chip, namely Small Scale Integration (SSI packs several tens of transistors), Medium Scale Integration (MSI - packs up to several hundred transistors), and now what's developing is Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI packs tens of thousands to millions of transistors).
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increases this number to millions. The ability to install so many components in a piece that is half the size of a coin pushes down the price and size of the computer. It also increases the power of work, efficiency and reliability of computers. The Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 brought progress to the IC by placing all components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input / output controls) in a very small chip. Previously, ICs were made to do certain specific tasks

C. Advantages of IC
IC has been used widely in various fields, one of them is in the aerospace industry, where the electronic control circuit will be more compact and small so that it can reduce the weight of satellites, missiles and other types of spacecraft. Very complex computer designs can be simplified, so that the number of components can be reduced and the size of the motherboard can be reduced. Other examples such as ICs are used in electronic calculating machines (calculators), as well as cellular phones (cellphones) which are relatively small in shape.
In the current era of advanced technology, electronic equipment is required to have the lightest and smallest size and weight possible, and this can be made possible by the use of ICs.
In addition to the size and weight of small and light ICs, IC also provides other advantages, that is when compared to conventional circuits that use many components, ICs with relatively small circuits consume only a small amount of power and do not cause excessive heat so that they do not require cooling (cooling). system).

D. IC weakness

In the previous description it seems as if the IC is so perfect compared to conventional electronic components, in fact there is no component that has no weaknesses.

Weaknesses of IC, among others, are its limitations in dealing with excess large electric currents, where excessive electric current can cause heat in the components, so that small components such as ICs will be easily damaged if excessive heat arises.

Likewise the limitations of IC in dealing with large voltages, where large voltages can damage the insulator layer between components in the IC Example of damage for example, there is a short circuit between the components with each other in the IC, if this happens, the IC can be damaged and become useless.

A. Conclusion


Independent components or elements on a continuous surface form an integrated circuit. Components or elements can be diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors and others defined on silicon wafers or other semiconductor materials. There are two types of ICs, namely Linear (Analog) and Digital IC. The advantage of IC is that in addition to the size and weight of the IC that is small and light and consumes a small amount of power and does not cause excessive heat so it does not require cooling (cooling system). Weaknesses of IC include limitations in dealing with excess large electric currents, where excessive electric current can cause heat inside the components, so that small components such as ICs will be easily damaged if excessive heat arises